WOLFDOGS
Responsible
or Irresponsible Breeding: Myths and
Facts Explored
Years ago I listened to a
lecture by Dr. Erich Klinghammer, Director of Wolf
Park. He was lecturing on understanding behaviour and body signals in canines.
A more fascinating lecture, I have never attended. Subsequently I visited Wolf Park in
Of particular interest was Wolf
Park’s position on keeping Wolves and Wolf-Hybrids wherein they stated that they were not opposed if the people
understood the awesome responsibility being undertaken.
They have established Guidelines For Keeping Wolves and
Wolf-Hybrids which to me, at least, would
definitely preclude my ownership of any wolves or wolf-hybrids.
I would encourage those of you who, like me, enjoy education on a variety of
subjects to check out the Introduction to Wolf Hybrids Controversy. I found the section on Quality of Life (section 4, I believe) a
bit disturbing.
I also found Monty Sloan’s article on Of
Wolves, Wolf Hybrids and Children to be forthright
and on point.
If any of you ever happen to visit the Midwest in the United States, try to put
Wolf Park on your list of places to visit. As dog enthusiasts and students of
behaviour and genetics, I don’t think you’ll be disappointed.
Wolf Park is also accepting internships, though foreign internships must arrange their own visa, if
necessary for the three months.
There is a great deal of
controversy concerning wolfdogs. While one group advocates the cross-breeding
of dogs and wolves, another large portion of the population continues to be
concerned over the breeding of wild, undomesticated animals for the purpose of
producing pets suitable for close relationships with people. I readily admit that I have great trepidation
concerning the ownership of these hybrids by persons who are not fully
cognizant and experienced in wild animal behaviour and the resultant
relationship with humans. My concern is
not only for the two-legged community within which the animal is expected to
exist, but also with the quality of life for an animal more suited to the wild.
“Wolfdogs are not wolves or have such a small percentage of
wolf as to be inconsequential…” is one argument used by the proponents of wolfdogs
to justify the breeding and keeping of such animals. My immediate reaction
would be “why call them wolfdogs then and point with
pride to their wolf heritage?”
This argument continues to be
used to advance the validity of wolfdog breeding
since the advocates state that they are not wolves or to quote another person
“they are dogs with a percentage of wolf in them usually quite a small
percent(age).” It has also been stated
that these dogs are no more dangerous than other large dogs and citing that
these dogs may, in fact, even be more dangerous. Further, it has been proposed that wolves are
no threat to humans since they are naturally timid animals that would avoid
people if possible. Another argument is
that “wolfdogs are not wolves, they are not wild
animals.”
I, and the experts whose
articles I have been reading, would disagree with the statement that wolfdogs or wolf-hybrids if one prefers that term are not
‘wild animals.’ One cannot 'domesticate' an animal simply by breeding a wild
animal to a domesticated animal. The
following sites give further insight into the issue:
Wolf Hybrid Awareness Through Education
Wolf
Hybrids: A Glimpse Behind the Allure
Kim Miles' Wolfdog
Wolf Park
(These people actually research, work with and
understand the wolf and wolfdog)
All of the above, while in some
instances agreeing that wolf-hybrids can under the right circumstances make acceptable pets, state unequivocally that
they are different from dogs. Most of the sites also state that wolf-hybrid is
a misnomer and the term should actually be wolfdog. It is interesting that proponents of the ‘wolfdog’ in the UK have stated that their particular
animals are simply ‘wolf-like’ in appearance and do not actually have wolf
genes, while others do promote them as true wolfdogs.
"Wolves are no threat to humans..." One might want to look at
the article written by Marty Sloan, Director of Wolf Park, Of Wolves, Wolfdogs and Children, wherein there are several cases of children being attacked and
killed by wolfdogs.
These were healthy animals and in some cases had been 'child-friendly'
previously, yet inherent traits took over and the wolfdog perceived the child as
prey.
One of the most interesting
things that I found was on one of the sites where they said that anyone who
represented a wolfdog
as making a great family pet and safe with children was misrepresenting the wolfdog and
doing them a grave disservice. It was also interesting to see that under no
circumstances should these animals ever be let off-leash. How then do they get the exercise they need
unless housed on very large tracts of land, surrounded by six foot (or higher
fences), with appropriate precautions taken for them not to escape?
All the websites I visited made it very clear that wolfdogs were not dogs and had
different training, containment, socialization, and expectation needs. While I
will agree that a dog in the wrong hands can be dangerous, I have to
believe the experts when they unanimously seem to be saying that wolfdogs
must be treated differently than dogs. A
logical conclusion would be that if the wolfdog must
be treated differently than dogs, few people would have the experience or
necessary training to deal with the differences.
No one could argue the fact that wolves are non-domesticated, wild
animals. Nor could it be argued that the
vast majority of breeds recognized have been domesticated for the past fifty years
or, indeed, more. Wolfdogs have not been
domesticated for decades, as evinced by the fact that they have a percentage of
wolf in them. This is contrary to the Husky, Malamute
and other Inuit breeds that have been domesticated, even though these breeds
may, very well, remain more primitive than some other breeds. These northern domesticated breeds were also
domesticated for very different needs and responsibilities than some of the
other breeds. They were developed by
people with a need for a companion/working animal that was able to withstand
the deprivations of the northern areas and could survive.
“Wolfdogs are no more dangerous than other large breeds,
such as the Rottweiler and German Shepherd Dog….” If one looks at percentages,
the percentages would show that based on the numbers of GSDs
compared to the number of bites versus the number of wolfdogs/wolf-hybrids
(whichever term you wish to use) that the percentage of wolf-hybrid bites would
be higher. Just as an example if there are 10,000 GSDs
and 500 of them bite children in a year, the percentage is .005% (less than
1%). On the other hand if there are 500 wolf-hybrids and 5 bites, the
percentage is 1%, double that of the GSD. And in the case of the wolf-hybrid
the bites seem to be either more severe or fatal.
In Monty Sloan's article on the Wolf Park website there are three incidents
mentioned, along with an example of one of the Wolf Park animals that had been
noted for being safe with children and then after two incidents of crying
children, waving their arms (not even next to him) then started looking at
children as prey and was no longer permitted to be around children. The sites,
even those that advocated wolfdogs as companion animals, said that they could NEVER
be considered as pets, but as companions, were NEVER to be trusted alone with
children and people should always remember that they are wolf-hybrids. These
are people who have them in their ownership. Once again, one would tend to
believe the experts who deal with these wolfdogs and
wolves on a daily basis in a professional, scientific setting.
Factually, the Dog Population in
1996 in the
There were twenty-two total dog bite fatalies in 1996
for purebred dogs (though I am not sure how they verified the dogs were in fact
'purebred' and not unregistered mixes purporting to be purebred, any more than
I can be sure exactly how many wolves versus hybrids there are for the same
period); pit-bull *types* accounted for four of those; ten were Rottweiler; two were a GSD; the rest of the statistics are
as follows:
1995-1996
Purebred vs Crossbred
|
Pit bull-type |
4* |
|
Wolf-dog hybrid |
2 |
|
Rottweiler |
10 |
|
Mixed-breed |
1 |
|
German Shepherd Dog |
2 |
|
German Shepherd Dog Mix |
2 |
|
Husky-type |
2 |
|
Pit bull-type Mix |
0 |
|
Malamute |
1 |
|
Rottweiler Mix |
1 |
|
Doberman Pinscher |
0 |
|
Alaskan Malamute Mix |
0 |
|
Chow Chow |
2 |
|
Chow Chow
Mix |
1 |
|
Great Dane |
1 |
|
Doberman Pinscher Mix |
0 |
|
Saint Bernard |
0 |
|
Saint Bernard Mix |
0 |
|
|
|
|
Great Dane Mix |
0 |
According to Dog Bite Statistics the chances that
a child will be the victim of a fatality is 7 out of 10; the chances
of the bite victim being a burgular is 1 out
of 177. In the year 2000 a four-pound pomeranian
(a breed originally bred as watchdogs) mauled and killed an infant. Therefore,
as we can see, the problem is not limited to solely large breeds.
Using the figure of 53,000,000 dogs and 27 fatalities for 1996, I come up with
a fatal percentage for dogs of 5.09%. Using the figure of 300,000 and 2
fatalities for wolf-hybrids in the same period I have a fatal percentage of
6.6%. It would appear using those statistics that wolf-hybrids do have a higher
fatality percentage.
Just as another footnote, an
interesting article was written by Pat Tucker and Bruce Weide
and published by Wild
Sentry. Some of the questions and
answers were very interesting, including:
"The statistics bear this out. The estimated 300,000 hybrids and
captive wolves in the
It was an extremely well-written article including many reference sources and
answering various questions about ownership, fitness for ownership, an open
letter from a hybrid owner, etc.
Japanese Akitas were bred for aggression, but as one
can see so was the Pomeranian, which is where the 'bred for aggression' argument
begins to unravel.
“It’s a fallacy
that children are the primary target of wolfdog and
wolf attacks….”
Ratio of German Shepherd Dogs in existence in the United States compared
to the number that bite children or cause damage to other animals is far less
than the ratio of wolves or wolf-hybrids being kept in capitivity
that do the same thing. The reason that most wild wolves/wolf-hybrids do
not cause injury to humans or children is because they are naturally suspicious,
shy of humans (unless cornered) and do not interract
with them. In the wild, these animals would go out of their way to avoid human
contact. Unfortunately, when the animal
is kept as a companion or pet, there is no way to avoid close proximity If one don't understand why the wolf or wolf-hybrid would
find children more prey-like than adults, I would question their understanding
of the wolf behavior. Children are small creatures
that normally make a lot of noise, higher-pitched than an adult; combined with
the fast movement of arms, legs, etc. that most children show, the child is
very much prey-like and will trigger a hunt instinct.
Rhodesian Ridgebacks, another breed used in the argument for wolfdogs, are a domesticated animal and, as such, is
suitable for the environment for which it was bred. Wolves and wolf-hybrids are
wild animals and, as such, suitable for the environment in which it lives
naturally -- the wild. It is not
difficult to understand that problems arise exponentially when an animal is
taken from its native environment and working purpose.
“Siberian Huskies
have a high prey drive….”
While it is argued that Siberan Huskies have a
high prey drive and because of their strong hunting instinct they are unable to
be allowed off-lead, possibly dangerous to other animals, it is difficult to
counter a point where the sole basis seems to be that if the Siberian Husky has
a high prey drive and is considered a viable, legitimate breed that the wolfdog should also be included. Not having talked to the same Siberian Husky breeders, it is possible that here in the
Huskies and Malamutes are bred (domesticated) as working dogs to accept working
with other dogs. Sometimes I wonder if people do not perpetuate the 'primitive'
dog myths for the same reason that the wolf-hybrid is an allure -- a maschisimo thing. The old attitude of 'hey, I am really
unique and big and bad because my dogs are big and bad.'
Having trained protection and patrol dogs for various law enforcement agencies,
I can testify to the fact that high prey-drive is something that one must have
in a dog being trained for such work. The other thing equally important and
mandatory is STABLE temperament.
Aggressiveness should never be confused with a working desire, whether
it is in the Siberian, the Malamute, the German Shepherd
or the Belgian Malnois.
“Is it possible
that the government figures do not mention wolf hybrids because they are not an
actual 'breed'….” There is a very viable reason for the
wolf-hybrid not appearing on the CDC reports, though if you go to the other
site that I posted, it not only has a very interesting article but also
statistics as I showed broken down. The reason is that most people in the
“Wolves are timid,
afraid of people, for the most part.” However, the problem comes in when the DOG is
introduced into the equation and the dog temperament is not one that is afraid of humans, nor timid for the most part. One has to
look at what one is genetically introducing to get the overall picture. So now
we have a timid, extremely prey-driven animal with STRONG pack instincts no
longer afraid of people that is constantly testing to assume pack leadership. Hence, the problems.
Why can the same not be said about dogs? It can about very small percentages of
them. However, the dog was DOMESTICATED and some of those drives have been
softened in order to make a more malleable pet.
All in all, the wolfdog
is NOT a domesticated pet. All of the wolfdog sites, including the
ones that talk about ownership in a semi-positive light, state unequivocably that it is not for everyone. In fact, other
than the pure problem of containment, they discuss things like difficulty in
housebreaking (because the wolf has different voiding habits than the dog),
difficulty in training (one must use different techniques than employed with
dogs), necessity for maintaining pack leadership at all times, different
dietary needs than most dogs, and the list goes on. They also state that this
is not an animal for everyone and one site in particular went so far as to have
in their buyer's agreement that the person must spend a minimum of two hours
per day interacting with the dog. That doesn't mean having it lay around your feet, but actually interacting.
Considering the domesticated dog goes, the overall percentages of 'iffy'
temperaments in any breed of dog will be less than the overall percentage of
'iffy' temperament in the wolfdog.
“Large dogs cause
more serious or deadly damage than a small dog because the jaw is bigger…..” This statement may be a bit
oversimplified. While the vast majority
of bites would be far deadlier when imposed by a large or even a medium dog, a
bite by a small dog in a crucial area, such as the jugular or other
vein/artery, would obviously have serious and perhaps fatal consequences.
The thing to remember is that the greater proportion of bites do occur with
children for a variety of reasons: children, as members of the 'pack', are
lesser members who can be challenged for superiority; children have a tendency
to cry or scream invoking prey drives for the weak; children are quick moving
and flail with arms and legs, again invoking prey drives; children don't always
behave appropriately (kindly) toward animals, etc.
Unfortunately, the other
statistics I have read indicates that the face is the primary attack zone. An
obsolete nightmare location for a bite because of the close proximity of
vessels, the eye area, fragile ears, neck, etc., in addition to being very
visible to scars and causing post traumatic stress disorder.
Obviously the higher the inherent prey drive, the higher the danger level. One of the very arguments used to try to
vindicate wolfdogs really further strengthens the
argument against breeding wolves and dogs or wolfdogs: “Wolves are timid, afraid of people, for the most part.” Joy Tiz, MS, JD,
author of I Love My Dog But…. has this to say about timid dogs: Weak dogs are unpredictable. Combine weak nerves with a high defense drive and low threshold and you have a genuinely
dangerous dog. Who knows what is going
to set the dog off? Owners are always
stunned when their dogs show fear aggression.
They find all sorts of excuses for it, they
especially like to define it as “protection”. Her articles on temperament can be found in
the Behavior section.
“Northern Inuits are a new breed created to ‘look like’ wolves….every
breed is a mongrel breed since they all used established breeds to create the
new breeds….”
Northern Inuits according to the Inuit Sled
Dog International are not a breed of dog, but rather a misnomer. According to
the editor-in-chief, admittedly a very ballastic
statement, in reference to Northern Inuit: "As co-founder of the Inuit
Sled Dog International, I am disgusted that the name of the domestic breed of
dog with which I am associated has been bastardized into the label for this phony, pseudo-breed. The Inuit Dog is tough enough in its
own right but doesn't need to be mistakenly confused with the lousy reputation
that wolf hybrids a.k.a. "Northern Inuits"
deservedly own, especially when, to the lay person (or possibly the victim)
they may look alike. I am equally irritated by the name, which is grammatically
incorrect. The pleural form of Inuk is Inuit (not Inuits)
and both words refer to human beings. The common names for Canis
familiaris borealis are Inuit Sled Dog, Inuit Dog,
ISD, CISD, GISD and maybe/hopefully there is an R(Russian)ISD."
The
World of Northern Breed Dogs lists a wide
range of northern breeds, including the Inuit Dog, but does not list a Northern
Inuit Dog. Sled
Dog Central lists an Inuit Sled Dog when a
search is done for "Northern Inuit Dogs". I also found Canadian Inuit Dogs and
Doing a search on North Inuit Dogs, I came across an interesting article in Official Newsletter of the Inuit Sled Dog International wherein their official stance is that "Northern Inuit
Dog" is "ISDI enthusiasts in both Europe and North America have
received a number of inquiries from the United Kingdom regarding "Northern
Inuits". Questions are coming from owners,
would-be owners, barristers defending client owners and even a veterinarian who
wanted to know why her prospective client owner insisted that his
"Northern Inuit" receive only a half-dose rabies vaccine. On one hand
I am glad that the ISDI has developed a visibility to the point where we are
sought out to answer, as best we can, these questions. On the other hand, I am
as upset as ever that some monosynaptic buffoon coined this term, a deception
which has caused much confusion.
The ISDI's position is that the name "Northern Inuits" is deliberately misleading, an effort to feign
legitimacy, a cover up to disguise the genetic identity of hybrid canids: dogs bred with wolves or other wolf hybrids. That
this was deemed necessary by the miscreant who did it leads to the conclusion
that this "mastermind" acknowledged both negative public opinion as
well as the reality of wolf hybrids posing a real danger to humans.
My views on cross-breeding without great forethought, a stated goal, a
registry, etc. is well-known and documented.
Briefly, the difference between every dog breed being a 'mongrel' and
being an established breed doesn't take a lot of thinking. An established breed
has been in existence for a significant period of time, has a written standard,
has a stated objective and goal, a registry, and a like-minded group of people
supporting the breeding and establishment of the breed. A 'mongrel' is simply
willy-nilly mating, planned or unplanned, of two disparate dogs.
Just as a matter of point, I don't have a problem with the breed, IF indeed it
is a breed and meets the above criteria.
“Is the Northern
Inuit a Wolfdog or a Wolf-look-alike?” The information that I have
read said that they are bred to look
like wolves. But then the Inuit Sled Dog group doesn't recognize them as a
breed and calls them wolf-hybrids. The only website that I found that had
Northern Inuit Dogs on them was one from the UK and some other dog websites
that referred back to them. I did find a
very obtuse 'standard' on that particular UK website, but no registry, group of
members, organization, projected goal, history, etc.
Postscript: I did receive an email from an individual who stated that they had
a standard which had been Kennel Club approved, a registry, a stated goal, etc.
However, when I contacted the Kennel Club and spoke to one of their
representatives I was told that while they had heard of the dogs, there was no
approved standard and they were not recognized. I have since emailed the
individual who emailed me and asked for further information, but have not received
it.
“Millions of wolves
are destroyed each year in the
Those States in the US that have what could be deemed "anti-wolf/anti-hybrid"
legislation are primarily Western States where there is a good deal of open
range cattle herds. It is not unsurprising that these states would be concerned
with any type of animal that jeopardizes the main product and livelihood of
that State. Concerned individuals though, including many of what you call the
'powerful' people are also very active in establishing safe havens for these
animals away from the cattle herds in areas where they can hunt other wildlife.
Yellowstone National Park is one example. It might surprise you that not only
the wolf, but also the dog, comes under the deer act in Michigan, whereby any
animal "running" deer can be shot on sight. So, what could be
perceived by wolf advocates as a 'witch' hunt on wolves actually applies to
other animals to safeguard the deer herds. I don't believe it is an actual
"loathing" as you stated, but more an attempt to product the property
of its citizens.
“I still want a wolfdog and don’t feel a need to validate my choice….” I don’t believe that most
people will be childish in their response to another’s desire for a wolfdog; I do, however, believe that people are rightfully
concerned, considering the number of animals in rescue whether they be monkeys,
foxes, wolves, wolf-hybrids, great danes, or any
other creature that was purchased without fully thinking the matter
through. People deciding on a wolfdog hopefully will have done their homework and will be
responsible enough to handle the situation.
Issues to consider: Are you aware
that the experts state that no wolf or wolf-hybrid should ever be trusted with
children? Nor should they be allowed out of a secure compound
where they are neither caged nor on a chain? That their hunt instinct
will always be highly evolved and place other small animals, children and
possibly humans at risk?
I don't agree with any
animal being chained in a backyard. But then you also have to consider what
alternatives you have for containment. Are you prepared to put up ten foot
fences with tops to prevent the wolf/wolf-hybrid from climbing out? As I noted
previously, wolves have been known to climb. What about exercise? Is this
animal doomed to a life behind walls, never to know the joy of free running
through a park, the woods? Yes, I know there are dogs out there that cannot be
run freely and I feel just as badly for them, though in truth more for the
wolf/wolf-hybrid because it is not a domesticated animal and is at heart a wild
creature.
I have a great deal of respect for these beautiful animals and because of that
respect I am really saddened to see people try to make them into pets and
lessen the quality of their lives. I would much rather see more sanctuaries
such as Wolf Park established and areas where the wolves can live freely and
naturally. It's interesting to note that even in Wolf Park where they have
years of expertise that wolves and hybrids revert back to their wild instincts
at some time during their lifetime. Wolves that were loving and playful change
over a period of time and become much less docile.
“Wolves are
discriminated against; there is a conspiracy to not permit wolves and wolfdogs to be vaccinated against rabies in an effort to
kill off the species….”
I've written to the experts on the rabies vaccine, primarily because I
know for a fact that my vet in the States had vaccinated a hybrid. I really
don't see a 'conspiracy' to allow animals to get rabies in order to kill off
the species. There are far easier ways to do so than to jeopardize the health
of squirrels, foxes, bears, and humans too. I have received an answer from
Monty Sloan of Wolf Park:
“Actually,
most vets who treat wolfdogs, will vaccinate wolves and wolfdog
hybrids. Although some vets chose to not accept wolf hybrids at all in
their clinic, those who will, generally will vaccinate. Only a few states
chose to recommend against vaccinations and in Texas they did ban veterinarians
from vaccinating wolfdog hybrids against rabies, but
then some years ago, there was a rabies epidemic in the wild coyote population
and the state not only repealed this law, but sent a memo to all vets to get
any wolfdogs they knew of vaccinated at once.
Although all evidence points to the vaccine working, and the USDA came close to
adding wolves to the label, from what I heard they decided to not add wolves
and wolfdog hybrids because that would undermine
several statewide bans on the ownership of these
animals. Laws which are based on the lack of approval for the vaccine so
yes, this is being used as a political issue to restrict and ban ownership in
some areas.”
Therefore,
it is clearly indicated that the conspiracy, if one chooses to call it such, is
in the arena of banning the wolfdog through inability
to be vaccinated for rabies, rather than in a perverse desire to perpetuate
rabies in an effort to eradicate wolves and wolfdogs. Mr. Sloan went on to state that “Most people I know with wolfdogs
have them listed as malamute mix or some other dog on the vet records to get
around this dilemma.”
Frankly, I'd love to have a wolf, a fox, a polar bear, a kangaroo, a koala, a
monkey, a seal, a dolphin, an otter, and a lion. But I know that these are not
pets and are instead beautiful creatures of nature that we should spend money
safeguarding both their existence and their habitats so that they can live a full
life instead of one of muzzles, compounds, lack of other animals such as
themselves, and caution. I exercise my love of these creatures by ‘adopting’
them through the various sanctuaries and providing for their upkeep or further
efforts to keep them safe. Wolves are
not domesticated creatures and as such should be respected and revered for
being what they are instead of us trying to fit them into a niche to fit our
own selfish interests.
“Why aren’t people
adverse to the Sarloos and Kugsha
Dog, both of which were bred from wolves?” To answer that question: Sarloos were
first crossed with wolves back in 1955 with a very set breeding plan and were
recognized as a national breed of Czechoslavkia in
1982. It was recognized as a breed of
its own in 1972, seventeen years after the first crossing of a German Shepherd with a wolf by Leendert Sarloos who died six years before the dog was recognized.
It is not considered a wolf-hybrid, but is a distinctive breed after 47 years
of selective, careful breeding.
The Kugsha Dog is also described as being a a
result of the immersion of three distinct bloodlines for the purpose of
producing the finest quality weight-pulling and freighting breed that is still
a companionable animal suited for families with experience in large northern
breeds, as well as being said to be a primitive northern breed of
dogs. My understanding of these dogs is that the three lines were bred in the
1980's, again over 20 years of selective breeding.
Further, both breeds of dogs have a registry, a breed standard, set
goals, etc. In my mind's eye, they are domesticated animals, unlike the
wolf-hybrid or wolf. Perhaps someday the
Northern Inuit will meet the task and fulfil the necessary criteria for me to
consider it an established breed. Until
then I have to question motives of those who breed wolfdogs
and those who are ‘trying to establish’ some of these other breeds.
“Why do you believe
that the wolfdog should not exist as a companion?”
I don't believe that no person
should have a wolfdog.
What I DO believe is that people should look realistically and rationally at
why they actually want or think they need a wolfdog. Most of the rescue
sites will no longer take these animals from individuals because they are
overloaded.
One of the saddest statistic that I have read was that the majority exotic
animals, in which they included the hybrid, were dead before the age of three.
To me that is a shame. It was also sobering
to read on one of the sites that anyone who represented a wolfdog as making a great
family pet and safe with children was misrepresenting the wolfdog and doing them a grave
disservice.
I applaud those people who are concerned enough to discuss the ramifications in
an intelligent manner. I welcome constructive comments.
NOTE: An invitation to the Wolf
Copyright 2002 Sierra Milton. sierra.milton@ntlworld.com All rights reserved. However,
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